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El cuerpo depende de la sangre para muchas funciones esenciales, como transportar oxígeno desde los pulmones a las células, mantener una temperatura central constante y movilizar a las células inmunitarias para la defensa contra infecciones.1 Las enfermedades sanguíneas, también llamadas afecciones sanguíneas o enfermedades hematológicas, pueden impedir que la sangre cumpla estas funciones.2,3
Algunas enfermedades sanguíneas son agudas,4 es decir, tienen un inicio repentino y empeoran rápidamente.5 Otras son crónicas,4 duran tres o más meses, podrían empeorar con el tiempo,6 y podrían no tener cura.3 Algunas afecciones sanguíneas pueden ser hereditarias, mientras que otras surgen por enfermedades coexistentes. Además, algunos medicamentos o déficits nutricionales pueden provocar afecciones sanguíneas.4
¿Qué son las enfermedades sanguíneas?
La sangre está compuesta por líquidos y sólidos. El líquido, que representa más de la mitad de nuestra sangre, se denomina plasma. Está compuesto por agua, proteínas y sales. Los sólidos en la sangre son las plaquetas, los glóbulos blancos y los glóbulos rojos.3
Las enfermedades sanguíneas pueden afectar a cualquiera de estas partes.3 Si bien existen varias categorías amplias de afecciones sanguíneas, todas pueden impedir que la sangre cumpla cualquiera de sus funciones esenciales.4 Los tipos de afecciones sanguíneas incluyen:
- Trastornos plaquetarios o de la coagulación, que pueden hacer que la sangre se coagule con demasiada facilidad o de forma insuficiente4,7
- Anemia, que se produce cuando no hay suficientes glóbulos rojos o hay alteraciones relacionadas con la hemoglobina, que resulta en una falla en la distribución de oxígeno a lo largo del cuerpo4
- Algunos cánceres sanguíneos4
- Trastornos de células inmunitarias, como los eosinófilos4,8
¿Cómo afectan al cuerpo las enfermedades sanguíneas?
Las enfermedades sanguíneas pueden dañar el cuerpo al afectar cualquiera o ambos componentes sólidos o líquidos de la sangre.3 Los síntomas varían según el tipo de afección sanguínea y suelen ser numerosos.9 Algunos efectos comunes incluyen:
- Sangrado excesivo que podría ser espontáneo o debido a lesiones o traumatismo10
- Sangrado nasal difícil de detener10
- Fatiga11,12
- Sangrado o hinchazón de las articulaciones10,11
- Dolor en las articulaciones10
- Mareos o dificultad para respirar12
- Ganglios linfáticos inflamados13
- Dificultad para combatir infecciones14
- Episodios repentinos de dolor intenso causados por aglomeraciones de células sanguíneas que impiden que la sangre fluya a través de vasos sanguíneos pequeños.15
- Referencias
- What does blood do? National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279392/. Updated August 29, 2019. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Blood disorders. American Society of Hematology. https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/blood-disorders. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- Blood diseases. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/blood-diseases. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Blood disorders. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/blooddisorders.html. Updated June 2, 2016. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Acute. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/acute. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Chronic disease. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/chronic-disease. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Platelet disorders. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/plateletdisorders.html. Updated January 15, 2020. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Eosinophilic disorders. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/eosinophilicdisorders.html. Updated March 29, 2017. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Symptoms of blood disorders. Merck Manual. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-blood-disorders/symptoms-of-blood-disorders. Updated September 2022. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- What is hemophilia? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html. Updated August 1, 2022. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Sickle cell disease. Symptoms. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sickle-cell-disease/symptoms. Updated July 14, 2022. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Signs and symptoms. Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/signs-and-symptoms. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Signs and symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html. Accessed May 15, 2023.
- Treatment of aplastic anemia & myelodysplastic syndromes. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/blood-diseases/aplastic-anemia-myelodysplastic-syndromes/treatment. Updated July 2020. Accessed May 22, 2023.
- Finding new options for sickle cell disease pain. National Institutes of Health HEAL Initiative. https://heal.nih.gov/news/stories/new-options-sickle-cell-disease-pain. Updated November 10, 2022. Accessed May 17, 2023.
