Bacterial & Viral Infections Overview

Though microscopic, bacteria and viruses can have massive implications for human health. Bacteria are tiny organisms that consist of a single cell,¹ and viruses are pieces of genetic material (DNA or RNA) contained in protein cases.² Both are among the most common causes of infection.³ Bacterial and viral infections happen when bacteria or viruses enter the body, reproduce, and cause disease.^4,5

Bacterial infections and viral infections can range from mild to severe. Some may go unnoticed, but others can be deadly.⁵

What are bacterial and viral infections?

Bacteria and viruses are everywhere. While some can make us sick, others are harmless or even support our health.⁶ Bacteria causes bacterial infections, some of which can be treated with antibiotics. Viruses cause viral infections, which cannot be addressed using antibiotics.⁷

Before a bacterial or viral infection can begin, viruses and bacteria first need to enter the body.⁴ They can get in through sources such as food, water, and wounds. Insect and animal bites can also transmit viruses and bacteria to people.⁶

Simple contact with viruses and bacteria can lead to viral infection and bacterial infection. For example, someone may fall ill after touching a contaminated surface and then touching their eyes, mouth, or nose. People can also breathe in droplets spread through coughs or sneezes.⁶

How do bacterial and viral infections affect the body?

Bacteria and viruses become problematic when they lead to infections.⁴ In an infection, the bacteria or virus damages healthy cells, which can cause symptoms you feel when you are sick.^8,9

Symptoms of bacterial and viral infections include but are not limited to:¹⁰

• Fever¹⁰
• Fast heartbeat¹⁰
• Anxiety¹⁰
• Fatigue¹¹
• Decreased appetite¹¹
• Pain¹¹